The term price multiple refers to a ratio that compares the share price with some sort of monetary flow or value to allow evaluation of the relative worth of a company’s stock. Some practitioners use price ratios as a screening mechanism. If the ratio falls below a specified value, the shares are identified as candidates for…
Multistage growth models are often used to model rapidly growing companies. The two-stage DDM assumes that at some point the company will begin to pay dividends that grow at a constant rate, but prior to that time the company will pay dividends that are growing at a higher rate than can be sustained in the long run.…
The Gordon growth model is particularly appropriate for valuing the equity of dividend-paying companies that are relatively insensitive to the business cycle and in a mature growth phase. where g is the constant growth rate. If required return r is assumed to be strictly greater than growth rate g, then the square-bracketed term is an infinite geometric series and sums…
General dividend discount models are relatively easy to apply to preferred shares. In its simplest form, preferred stock is a form of equity (generally, non-voting) that has priority over common stock in the receipt of dividends and on the issuer’s assets in the event of a company’s liquidation. It may have a stated maturity date at…
If the issuing company is assumed to be a going concern, the intrinsic value of a share is the present value of expected future dividends. If a constant required rate of return is also assumed, then the DDM expression for the intrinsic value of a share is: where At the shareholder level, cash received from…
Dividends: Background for the Dividend Discount Model Generally, there are two sources of return from investing in equities: A dividend is a distribution paid to shareholders based on the number of shares owned, and a cash dividend is a cash distribution made to a company’s shareholders. Cash dividends are typically paid out regularly at known intervals;…
Three major categories of equity valuation models are as follows:
By comparing estimates of value and market price, an analyst can arrive at one of three conclusions: The security is undervalued, overvalued, or fairly valued in the marketplace. In practice, the conclusion is not so straightforward. Analysts must cope with uncertainties related to model appropriateness and the correct value of inputs. An analyst’s final conclusion depends not only on…
Projections for long-term assets are based on cash flow statement and income statement projections, because net PP&E and intangible assets on the balance sheet primarily increase due to capital expenditures and decrease due to depreciation and amortisation expenses. Capital expenditures can be broken down into maintenance capital expenditures necessary to sustain the current business and…
Cost of Sales and Gross Margins Cost of sales (cost of goods sold, or COGS) is typically the single largest cost for companies that make and/or sell products. SG&A Expenses SG&A expenses are the other main type of operating costs. In contrast to cost of sales, SG&A expenses often have a less direct relationship with…