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Zhe Li
Zhe Li an IT Finance & AI blogger
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Tag Archives: Business

Quiz – Rates and Returns

Business, CFA Level 1, Quantitative MethodBy Zhe2 January 2026Leave a comment

55 Questions (About 15 Questions on exam) Reference: 1. The nominal risk-free rate is best described as the sum of the real risk-free rate and a premium for: A. maturity. B. liquidity. C. expected inflation. C is correct. The nominal risk-free rate is approximated as the sum of the real risk-free interest rate and an inflation premium.…

Risk Modification: Transferring, Shifting, and How to Choose

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk transfer is the process of passing on a risk to another party, often, but not always, in the form of an insurance policy. Risk Shifting

Risk Modification: Prevention, Avoidance, and Acceptance

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk Prevention and Avoidance Risk Acceptance: Self-Insurance and Diversification

Interactions Between Risks

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Identification of Risk – Financial Vs. Non-Financial Risk

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Financial Risks Non-Financial Risks

Risk Budgeting

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk budgeting picks up where risk tolerance leaves off. Whereas risk tolerance focuses on the appetite for risk and what is and is not acceptable, risk budgeting has a more specific focus on how that risk is taken. Risk budgeting quantifies and allocates the tolerable risk by specific metrics; it extends and guides implementation of the…

Risk Tolerance

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk Governance – An Enterprise View

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

An Enterprise View of Risk Governance

Risk Management Framework

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

A risk management framework flows logically from the definition of risk management that was previously given: It is the infrastructure, process, and analytics needed to support effective risk management in an organisation.  Despite customisation, every risk management system or framework should address the following key factors:

Risk Management Process

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk, broadly speaking, is exposure to uncertainty. Risk is also the concept used to describe all of the uncertain environmental variables that lead to variation in and unpredictability of outcomes. More colloquially, risk is about the chance of a loss or adverse outcome as a result of an action, inaction, or external event. Risk exposure is…

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