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Zhe Li
Zhe Li an IT Finance & AI blogger
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Category Archives: CFA Level 1

Quiz – Rates and Returns

Business, CFA Level 1, Quantitative MethodBy Zhe2 January 2026Leave a comment

55 Questions (About 15 Questions on exam) Reference: 1. The nominal risk-free rate is best described as the sum of the real risk-free rate and a premium for: A. maturity. B. liquidity. C. expected inflation. C is correct. The nominal risk-free rate is approximated as the sum of the real risk-free interest rate and an inflation premium.…

Risk Modification: Transferring, Shifting, and How to Choose

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk transfer is the process of passing on a risk to another party, often, but not always, in the form of an insurance policy. Risk Shifting

Risk Modification: Prevention, Avoidance, and Acceptance

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk Prevention and Avoidance Risk Acceptance: Self-Insurance and Diversification

Measuring and Modifying Risk: Drivers and Metrics

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Drivers Metrics

Interactions Between Risks

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Identification of Risk – Financial Vs. Non-Financial Risk

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Financial Risks Non-Financial Risks

Risk Budgeting

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk budgeting picks up where risk tolerance leaves off. Whereas risk tolerance focuses on the appetite for risk and what is and is not acceptable, risk budgeting has a more specific focus on how that risk is taken. Risk budgeting quantifies and allocates the tolerable risk by specific metrics; it extends and guides implementation of the…

Risk Tolerance

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

Risk Governance – An Enterprise View

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

An Enterprise View of Risk Governance

Risk Management Framework

Business, CFA Level 1, Portfolio ManagementBy Zhe1 January 2026Leave a comment

A risk management framework flows logically from the definition of risk management that was previously given: It is the infrastructure, process, and analytics needed to support effective risk management in an organisation.  Despite customisation, every risk management system or framework should address the following key factors:

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